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去年《试题研究》编辑部约我写一篇中考试题分析方面的稿子。编辑特意嘱咐我注意吉林省当年的中考试题。我找来一看，果然很有新意。今年拿到全国各省、市的中考英语试题后，我又认真研究了吉林省的试题，发现这份试题在务实、创新上又迈出了一大步。
这种务实和创新首先体现在命题方法上———灵活采用不同的题型，而不是一味的“四选一”或“三选一”。
比如听力题，“三选一”几乎是约定俗成的命题方法。而吉林省在这方面就有很大的改变：在对话理解这部分，要求考生根据对话内容填一个词来完成句子；在语篇理解部分，要求考生听完一篇小故事后，按故事情节给图片排序。这样做既克服了“四选一”的缺陷，又简单、实用，灵活多样。
“四选一”历来是全国许多省、市中考英语阅读理解题唯一的命题方法，连高考试题也不例外。而吉林省却独辟蹊径，从去年开始就采用了下面这种方式：
My grandfather was a teacher．He was the headmaster of a school for boys between the ages of thirteen and eighteen．I know that he was a kind man because when I was young（and he was old），he gave me presents，and sat me on his knees（膝盖），and told me stories．But I believe（相信）the boys at his school were afraid of him．
At school，when he walked into a room full of noisy boys，they stopped talking at once．When he looked at a boy with a certain（某种）look in his eyes，that boy went red in the face，and looked down at his shoes．If a boy brought him poor，careless work，my grandfather picked up the boy's book and threw it across the room，shouting，“Do it all again，and bring it back first thing in the morning！”If the boy was late，or if he forgot to bring his work，he had to do it again，andagain，and yet again．My grandfather never forgot．
At school，he was very different from the man I saw day by day in his own home．
根据短文内容改写，每空填一词。（10分）
When I was young，I studied at a 96 school．We were all 97thirteen and eighteen．Our headmaster was 98old man．He was kind，but all of 99were afraid of him．For example，we were playing， talking and laughing 100he came in．At once，the classroom became quiet．If a boy didn't 101his homework well or carefully，he would be very 102，and asked the boy to do it again and 103．But his 104told us that he never did things 105 that at home．
96．_________ 97．_________ 98．_________
99．_________ 100．_________ 101． _________
102．_________ 103．_________ 104． _________
105．_________
（Key：96．boys'97．between 98．an 99．us 100．when 101．do ／finish 102．angry 103．again 104．grandson 105．like）
这种命题方法把考查阅读理解和语法知识、理解能力和表达能力有机地结合起来。命题简单、明快。不仅是中考的好题型，也是阅读训练的一种有效的检测方法。
阅读理解D篇的命题也很有特色。
57River Street
London
NW74EA
Dear Linda，
Thanks for your letter．I'm very happy that you can come on Sunday．When you drive to my house，it's easy to find the station．It's a little difficult after that，so here are some instructions．Drive past the station． You can't turn left into Garden Road，so go across the traffic lights into New Street． There's a football ground on your left．Go straight ahead，past the bank（银行），and turn left into Green Road．Turn left again into the High Street，and River Street is the first on the right．My house is on the right， opposite（在……对过）the school．
See you on Sunday！
Love，
Ann
（一）阅读Ann的信，在下面的地图上找出从火车站到她家的路线，并标明她的寓所、足球场、银行和学校。把序号写在横线上。（5分）
阅读理解题（A）的第二部分在命题上尤其富有创意。请看：
（A）
I have always heard that walking under a ladder brings bad luck，but I've never thought so．I have walked under ladders many times，but I have never met anything bad be- fore．It's the same with black cats．People say if a black cat crosses before you，it means bad luck．I have never thought that until this afternoon．But ever since I heard my student Sam's story，I've begun thinking about whether it was true．
This afternoon，Sam was walking down the street thinking about something，so he wasn't paying attention to（注意）where he was going．He walked right under a ladder standing against（倚着）a building．A black cat ran out of a door just at that moment，and Sam fell over it．His head hit the ladder．A man washing the window was at the top of that ladder and the dirty water went down through the air．Poor Sam！He got wet all over．
（二）从B栏中选出与A栏相对应的答语，使句意完整，符合文章内容。（4分）
A
（ ）87．Though I have always heard that walking under a ladder brings bad luck，
（ ）88．I began thinking about whether“A black cat crossing brings bad luck．”was true
（ ）89．Sam wasn't paying attention to where he was going
（ ）90．When he saw the black cat，
B
A．it was so late that he fell over it．
B．because he was walking down the street thinking about something．
C．after I heard my student Sam's story．
D．I've never thought about so．
（Key：87．D 88．C 89．B90．A）
此题把考查阅读理解能力和主从复合句这一重要的语法项目非常巧妙地结合在一起，真可谓匠心独具。主从复合句也是语篇衔接的重要手段之一。“淡化语法，侧重能力”是这几年来一种很时髦的提法。但吉林省中考英语试题命题组通过此题向我们传递了一条非常明确的信息：要培养语言运用能力，语法非但不能“淡化”，而且要在语篇中落实、强化。重要的是找准两者之间的结合点，促进“知识”和“能力”的正迁移。
吉林省这份中考英语试题命题方法灵活多样，朴实无华，而且内涵丰富。
请看该题第三部分交流运用的第一题：
VII．请把下列句子排序，形成一个意义完整的对话，首句答案已给出。
A．Right，come at about 10：30，then．
Beginning with： D
B．Well，coffee would be nice．
C．Yes，that would be lovely．
D．Would you like to come for coffee orfor lunch？
E．What about tea this afternoon，then？
F．Oh，I'm afraid I can't come this morning．I've forgotten I have to go out．
51． _________ 52．_________ 53．_________ 54．_________ 55．_________
（Key：51．B 52．A 53．F 54．E 55．C）
此题考查考生“连句成篇”的能力。要做到这一点，考生必须抓住话题，把握话语中句与句在结构和意义上的关联。这种命题方法的理论基础是当代语言学理论研究的最新成果语篇分析的核心：衔接与连贯。
从表面上看，吉林省中考英语试题仅是命题方法上的改变，然而要做到这一点并不容易。
“四选一”式的客观性试题既有其优点，也存在着许多弊端，如限制学生的多向思维，鼓励学生蒙、猜，不利于综合性测试，命题困难，试卷篇幅过长，等等。这些多数人早已看到。然而直到现在，在各种考题以及练习中，“四选一”仍泛滥成灾。既影响了试题的信度，也不利于发挥试题对教学的导向作用。
多年来，包天仁教授在各种场合曾多次严肃指出过分依赖客观性试题的严重危害。《英语辅导报》和《英语通》上刊登的英语“四位一体”练习和试题中早已率先采用了各种切合实际、灵活多变的命题方式。然而遗憾的是：这种强烈的创新意识，可贵的务实精神，以及行之有效的命题方法并没有引起有关人士的重视。吉林省中考英语试题在命题方法上的改革与创新在这方面迈出了成功的一步，实在是件令人高兴的事。
我们希望试题命制者能像包天仁教授及他领导下的英语辅导报社的编辑们以及吉林省中考英语试题命题组的同志们那样，以强烈的责任感和使命感，以科学的理论为指导，密切联系中学英语教学实际，开拓思路，锐意创新，多命出这样的好题来，以便更好地发挥试题对教学的导向作用和反拨作用，推动中学英语教学健康发展。
作为教师，我们也要认真学习，不断探索、创新，提高命题、选题能力。不管是教学理论还是测试理论和方法，近年来都已发生重大变革。在这种情况下，追求急功近利、立竿见影的短期效应，固守“考什么就教什么，怎么考就怎么教”的陋习，非但无法提高教学效果，反而会使自己永远陷入被动的境地。
山东烟台 傅大明
106．在图中标出行走线路，用箭头指向 Ann的寓所。
107．Ann's House： ___________________________________
108．FootballGround：___________________________________
109．Bank：___________________________________
110．School：___________________________________
（二）根据信的内容回答问题。（5分）
111．Who's the letter from？
___________________________________
112．When will Linda come to visit Ann？
___________________________________
113．Who doesn't live at 57River Street，Ann or Linda？
___________________________________
114．Is it easy or difficult to find the station？
___________________________________
115．How will Linda get to Ann's house？
___________________________________
这篇短文的体裁是书信，内容是告诉对方怎样找到自己的家。要求考生根据信的内容，在后面的地图上找出从火车站到写信人家的路线，并标明她的寓所、足球场、银行和学校。把序号写在下面的横线上。
此题考查考生通过阅读获取信息，用来解决实际问题的能力。命题方法非常简单：考生读懂这封信后，只需在地图上标出行走路线，然后在Ann's House， Football Ground， Bank等后面各填上一个英文字母即可。这种从语言基础知识入手，考查交流运用能力的做法，比那些空谈运用能力，忽视基础知识的提法和做法要高明得多，也实用得多。
（Key：106．见线路标
107．H 108．F109．C110．B111．It's from Ann．／Ann．／From Ann．112．On Sunday．／Sunday．113．Linda doesn't．／Linda．114．It's easy．115．By car．／In her car．）
山东烟台 傅大明 | 
